Dehumanization in All Quiet on the Western Front Essay

In All Quiet on the Western Front by Enrique Maria Remarque, the peruser follows Paul Baumer as he battles through World War I and finds the preliminaries of being an officer. As they make due through the war with one another, Paul and different fighters started to comprehend certain real factors of life. Going into the war zone young people, the officers come out as elderly people men, troubled with their encounters. The war, intended to celebrate Germany and transform its men into saints, stifles and dehumanizes Paul and different warriors until they can’t perceive themselves. As troopers, Paul and his companions are treated with little consideration. Their bosses go about as though they are creatures, replaceable and disposable in light of the fact that there are such a significant number of them, and they hold so little force without anyone else. Albeit just adolescents, these officers have needed to grow up rapidly so as to battle for their evidently immaterial lives. It is said that â€Å"[they] are the Iron Youth† (21). By depicting the fighters as â€Å"Iron,† Paul communicates how much the war has transformed them. Iron, which can be deciphered both actually and metaphorically, is a solid metal that covers a great deal of the Earth just as living in its center. In this way, with the fighters portrayed as â€Å"iron†, they are alluded to as replaceable, superfluous, and copious in numbers. Likewise, â€Å"iron† can be utilized to depict somebody who is resolved, intense, and solid, demonstrating how much these multi year old officers have needed to experience childhood so as to remain alive in the war. They lost their youth, maturing into elderly people men in light of the decimation and encounters they’ve experienced. Furthermore, gradually, as their adolescence goes, their mankind and vivacity leaves too. The more the warriors are dealt with like cows, dispensable and callous, the quicker they relapse. Remarque regularly utilizes brute symbolism to depict the officers at war, indicating their backslide into creatures while on the combat zone. We have become wild mammoths. We don't battle, we guard ourselves against obliteration. It isn't against men that we hurl our bombs, what we do know about men at this time in which passing is chasing us down†¦ we can annihilate and kill, to spare ourselves, to spare ourselves and be vindicated (73). By utilizing monster symbolism, Remarque shows how the feelings of he officers are stripped away until they are just left with the sense to effectively remain alive. They battle not against other men, however different monsters too, for where it counts, all warriors are the equivalent, battling for their friends and for themselves rather than for their nation. Similarly as men do monsters, Death â€Å"hunts† the fighters on the front line, pursuing them as they become creatures: replaceable, extra, and pointless. While the individual fighter is superfluous, numerous men make up the armed forces that battle wars. Frequently, Remarque portrays how these numerous troopers change intellectually due to the war; by depicting how these men truly meet up to frame a battling organization, Remarque shows exactly how much the war has transformed them. Farther on, the fog closes. Here the heads become figures; coats, pants, and boots show up out of fog as from a smooth pool. They become a column†¦. people are no longer recognizable†¦. a section †not men by any stretch of the imagination (57). The â€Å"column† that Remarque uses to depict the warriors shows how they are the help that holds the military up. Without the sections of warriors, the lieutenants, commanders, and different pioneers in the military would be irrelevant in light of the fact that they would have no inferiors and insufficient men to battle a war. The â€Å"individual† fighter is unimportant, as well. He has no force all alone, on the grounds that men don't battle wars. Armed forces do. At the point when one fighter falls, another has his spot without hesitation, as though a robot or an all around prepared pooch. They follow orders without questions, and inevitably the trooper can no longer fathom the man he used to be before the war, since they have lost all character and independence. They have gotten clear, same, and dehumanized, all the more savage with consistently at the front. Before the finish of the war, the troopers that came back to Germany are unrecognizable. They have battled like creatures, run from Death, and seen such a large number of detestations. While they did battle to be legends, to battle for their nation, the fighters returned broken and unfilled, just shells of their previous selves. They have relapsed gradually, losing the will to live, and changing until they can’t perceive themselves.

Childhood Memories of Dad :: Descriptive Writing Examples

Cold winters, blistering summers, pokey rock, murkiness, badly arranged apparatuses and weakening of the old dragsters. The entirety of this went to a sudden hault when a dad and child's fantasy turned into a reality. Our very own position to work without interruptions. A spot to unite our contemplations and precisely reproduce vehicles and fix them inside our own cutoff points. This spot my father and I began building would be known as The Shop or a.k.a. Hopshop. This shop is the last venture that my father began and I was going to complete it. Everything began by exhuming the ground that would one-day bolster this shop. The shop plans had been recently made and were followed precisely. After the solid was poured and steel pillars were made sure about, it was prepared to put the metal siding on. Inside the solid is our imprints and names, which makes it much increasingly extraordinary to me. This solid design couldn't be done due to the absence of costs, after my father's demise. After that cool forlorn winter, prompting the on coming year flew by quickly. I at long last conquered my dread and concluded that the time had come to step up and discover the will to finish the undertaking. It required some investment and cash, however at long last it was finished. It included programmed carport entryways, complex lighting framework, a pellet oven for the virus winters and a climate control system for the searing summer. I moved the entirety of our air instruments, expert wrenches, attachments, tight clamps, processors, and the v ehicles. Notwithstanding the shop, there are things inside the shop that have stories to them, making it what it is, for example, the tool stash, Mustang, and Bronco. The Mustang was my father's and it has been his since it was first produced. We would reestablish it to its unique look that was set up from my father's aesthetic capacity. Planning it with sparkle dark and blazes originating from both bumper wells. It had 20 inch hustling slicks with a 4:11 positive track pushing 400 ponies with its 302 manager motor. I recollect how it used to smell, as hot residue cowhide and it used to draw me back in the seat practically giving me whiplash. We called The Stang. It has been destroyed however just has a minor imprint in its front right bumper. The motor is presently in my father's 79 Ford yet the <a href=http://www.

How to Create a Winning Online Marketing Campaign

How to Create a Winning Online Marketing Campaign THINGS TO CONSIDER BEFORE YOU CREATE AN ONLINE MARKETING CAMPAIGNBefore beginning any marketing campaign you need to spend some time considering branding. You won’t need to get out your cowboy boots and wrangle cattle, but the concept is remarkably similar. The concept of branding is to create a specific, unique look that is easily identified as yours. Just like in an old western where an escaped cow could be identified by the brand it carried, your company should have a ‘brand’ â€" a look â€" to tie your company and marketing materials together. It may include a logo, a color scheme or an idea that reflects the personality of your company.DEVELOP BRAND NAME AND IMAGE BEFORE STARTING COMMUNICATIONSIt is important to develop your brand name and image prior to starting your online marketing campaign. Is your company colorful and playful? Modern and sleek? Traditional? Begin developing a look that you want to reflect the ideals and culture of your company. Using your ideas, combin ed with your company name and logo, you have the beginnings of a brand that will be representative of who your company is. You’ll use your company branding to tie your online marketing campaign together. It will encompass web design, social media and other online techniques, and can carry over into other media campaigns â€" giving your company a complete marketing look.SETTING THE OBJECTIVE FOR THE MARKETING CAMPAIGNOnce you have established a brand, consider what you want your marketing campaign to do. Are you promoting a new product or service? Do you want to raise awareness of your company? Is there an upcoming event that your company is participating in? Identifying the key goals of the marketing campaign will help narrow your focus and ensure that your efforts are used in the right areas. Spend some time deciding on one or two specific goals that you want your marketing campaign to address, and then gear your efforts towards reaching those goals.STUDY YOUR COMPETITORSIt may s eem counterproductive to study what ‘the competition’ is doing, but that is exactly what you need to do before starting a marketing campaign. If you aren’t sure who your competition is, perform a simple internet search for businesses similar to yours. Even if a company isn’t in your local area, you can study the type of marketing that they are using. Is their online marketing successful? What types of online marketing are they engaged in? Do they seem to be winning the media campaign war? Or are they a glaring example of what not to do? When it comes to online marketing, the adage, “Keep your friends close, but your enemies closer” has validity. Keep an eye on what the competition is doing.STUDY THE MARKETWhile you’re performing research on your competition, do some evaluation of your market. Who is your target market? How can you best reach those individuals? Do you notice any trends among your customers about how they interact with your company? If your target market is adults over the age of 65, your online marketing campaign is going to include different elements than a campaign geared towards 25 year olds. Knowing your market is essential when developing marketing materials.After you’ve developed your company brand, determined the goal of the marketing campaign, investigated the competition and identified your market, it’s time to begin selecting the strategies that will best meet your needs. It can be overwhelming to know which strategies to use and how to best leverage the power of the internet for marketing. One of the best ways to get a feel for a successful marketing campaign is to study what your competition is doing â€" and then mimic their strategies.TOOLS FOR ONLINE MARKETING SUCCESSThere’s a reason that big corporations engage in marketing blitzes that include billboards, television commercials, magazine ads, radio spots, commercial sponsorships and more: it works. Big corporations know that the more a consumer sees their bra nd, the more likely they are to give it a try. While you may not have the budget for a massive marketing campaign, you can duplicate their methods by creating a multi-faceted strategy for your online marketing. What are the components of a well-rounded marketing campaign?SOCIAL MEDIAThink back to your high school days when the power of peer pressure could sway people to wear hideous clothes disguised as fashion.  That power has transferred to the internet, and has grown exponentially. While it may not cause people to wear fluorescent orange to work, social media can throw its considerable weight behind a product, or a cause, and the results are impressive.  Social media can include Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, Instagram, Tumblr. It can also encompass blogging platforms like WordPress.Social media has several advantages. It has the potential to reach thousands of consumers easily â€" one tweet can be shared and retweeted thousands of times within the span of a few hours. It is gen erally low-cost and doesn’t require much training to utilize. When you develop a social media following, it is easy to stay in constant contact with customers and potential customers â€" keeping your brand and company news in the forefront. The biggest investment in social media is time â€" someone needs to develop the content and post the material. The time investment can also be a limitation â€" it is easy to overlook the day’s postings. Like peer pressure, social media is a fickle being. If you are not constantly monitoring and posting, your company will fall out of the social conversation, and you’ve lost any ground you may have gained.  It takes times to build up a following of people on the internet â€" this is not a quick road to success. The benefit of social media is the sheer number of people that you can have contact with â€" all for next to nothing in costs.SEOIf you have ever done an internet search for something, you’ve benefitted from the power of SEO. Search engine optimization (SEO) is the process that puts ‘Mary’s Cleaning Company’ on the first page of a search for cleaning companies, instead of on page fourteen. The world of SEO is somewhat murky. Recent regulation and rule changes about how companies can increase their internet standing have made the process of SEO seem cumbersome. At its core, SEO is the process of making sure that when an individual performs a search on a topic related to your business, your company is found by the people who search internet listings. There are multitudes of ways that you can increase the SEO returns for your company: adding listing articles that have specific keywords, keyword stuffing, backlinks, to name a few. If you are serious about wanting to increase your SEO ranking, the easiest way is to hire content writers or internet copywriters. This investment can range from a few hundred dollars to thousands â€" it all depends on how quickly you want to build content on your website. One of t he primary limitations of SEO is that the murky rules change causing an ever growing need for updating. In addition, the ‘buzzwords’ that people search for can change, and your site needs to change with it to ensure that you retain your ranking. One of the best ways you can avoid the murky underworld of SEO is to make sure that your material is filled with quality content that will bring your customers back time and time again.EMAILPerhaps one of the most powerful online marketing tools available, email is a way to engage in a private conversation with your customer â€" at any time of day, anywhere in the world. Email marketing â€" done correctly â€" provides you with the chance to speak to the heart of your customer, and invite them to do business with you. Email lists can be developed through existing customers, sign-up forms on your website, blogging platforms that allow people to follow your postings. Because of spam rules, you will need to ensure that your email recipients have agreed to receive your emails â€" but this means that you have an audience that has chosen to hear what you have to say. Regular email updates allow you to keep your customer informed about new products, offerings or specials. It also allows them to engage in conversation with you â€" generating a feeling of connection that will help build your business. Email marketing programs are available to help you quickly and easily send out newsletters and more.YOUTUBE VIDEOSDo you have specialized knowledge about a subject? Does your company provide a service that people need? Creating and uploading videos to Youtube is an easy way to create interest in your business. Posting the link on your website, sending out an email notification or posting a blurb on your social media accounts can drive people to your video, and then hopefully drive them to buy your products. Demonstrating how to use your product, what your product can do or how your company brings benefits are all perfect uses o f video. You are limited by needed someone with minimal video equipment and skill, or you can hire a videographer to record your session.SLIDESHARE PRESENTATIONSCreating a Slideshare presentation is a way to share information about your product, services or company through the sharing of content. You can create a slideshow that features specific information about a topic, a skill or idea and then embed that presentation in your website and blog or share it on social media. Slideshare presentations are downloadable â€" so the user can return to the presentation over and over to view it again â€" giving you repeated opportunities to sell your company. These professional looking presentations can give your business an edge over the competition, and add value to your website. By filling your website with valuable and useful content, the consumer is more likely to return to you as a trusted source â€" generating not only interest in your products and services but also sales.ONLINE ADSFor a targeted approach to online marketing, you can buy ads through platforms such as Facebook or Google.  You can select your target market demographics, and then the ads are funneled to users based on their identification through Facebook, Google, etc. This direct sales method gets your company’s information in front of the consumers you want increasing the potential for their business. This method of advertising can be costly, depending on the frequency of ads that you choose, the scope of your target market and the size/style of ad that you select. Success can be mixed â€" but with short commitments (some ad campaigns can be run for a little as one month) it may be worth the time and money to try.FIND THE RIGHT PERSON TO MANAGE YOUR ONLINE CAMPAIGN Have you ever stumbled on a website and noticed that it hasn’t been updated for two years? The pictures look outdated, the layout of the site isn’t appealing and it just seems…neglected. When you navigate to a competitor’s site where the graphics are crisp, the content is current and there is web chatter in the form of social media, chances are good that you’re choosing the competitor.  In the world of the internet, you have less than five seconds to make an impression on a customer. If that impression isn’t good, they’ve moved on to the next company before your page even has time to finish loading.For the small business owner, the internet can be a powerful marketing tool. The ability to reach millions of potential customers with one advertising campaign is thrilling â€" and overwhelming. How do you make sure that your voice is heard over the thousands of other companies just like yours on the internet? What’s the secret to having companies find your website? Like a ny other advertising plan, there is a method to creating a winning online marketing campaign. It is possible to maximize the power of the World Wide Web â€" it just requires a little more effort than most people expect. © Shutterstock.com | Rawpixel.comIn this article, we look at 1) things to consider before you create an online marketing campaign, 2) tools for online marketing success, and 3) the importance of having the right person manage your online marketing.THINGS TO CONSIDER BEFORE YOU CREATE AN ONLINE MARKETING CAMPAIGNBefore beginning any marketing campaign you need to spend some time considering branding. You won’t need to get out your cowboy boots and wrangle cattle, but the concept is remarkably similar. The concept of branding is to create a specific, unique look that is easily identified as yours. Just like in an old western where an escaped cow could be identified by the brand it carried, your company should have a ‘brand’ â€" a look â€" to tie your company and marketing materials together. It may include a logo, a color scheme or an idea that reflects the personality of your company.DEVELOP BRAND NAME AND IMAGE BEFORE STARTING COMMUNICATIONSIt is important to develop your bran d name and image prior to starting your online marketing campaign. Is your company colorful and playful? Modern and sleek? Traditional? Begin developing a look that you want to reflect the ideals and culture of your company. Using your ideas, combined with your company name and logo, you have the beginnings of a brand that will be representative of who your company is. You’ll use your company branding to tie your online marketing campaign together. It will encompass web design, social media and other online techniques, and can carry over into other media campaigns â€" giving your company a complete marketing look.SETTING THE OBJECTIVE FOR THE MARKETING CAMPAIGNOnce you have established a brand, consider what you want your marketing campaign to do. Are you promoting a new product or service? Do you want to raise awareness of your company? Is there an upcoming event that your company is participating in? Identifying the key goals of the marketing campaign will help narrow your focus and ensure that your efforts are used in the right areas. Spend some time deciding on one or two specific goals that you want your marketing campaign to address, and then gear your efforts towards reaching those goals.STUDY YOUR COMPETITORSIt may seem counterproductive to study what ‘the competition’ is doing, but that is exactly what you need to do before starting a marketing campaign. If you aren’t sure who your competition is, perform a simple internet search for businesses similar to yours. Even if a company isn’t in your local area, you can study the type of marketing that they are using. Is their online marketing successful? What types of online marketing are they engaged in? Do they seem to be winning the media campaign war? Or are they a glaring example of what not to do? When it comes to online marketing, the adage, “Keep your friends close, but your enemies closer” has validity. Keep an eye on what the competition is doing.STUDY THE MARKETWhile you’re perfor ming research on your competition, do some evaluation of your market. Who is your target market? How can you best reach those individuals? Do you notice any trends among your customers about how they interact with your company? If your target market is adults over the age of 65, your online marketing campaign is going to include different elements than a campaign geared towards 25 year olds. Knowing your market is essential when developing marketing materials.After you’ve developed your company brand, determined the goal of the marketing campaign, investigated the competition and identified your market, it’s time to begin selecting the strategies that will best meet your needs. It can be overwhelming to know which strategies to use and how to best leverage the power of the internet for marketing. One of the best ways to get a feel for a successful marketing campaign is to study what your competition is doing â€" and then mimic their strategies.TOOLS FOR ONLINE MARKETING SUCCESST here’s a reason that big corporations engage in marketing blitzes that include billboards, television commercials, magazine ads, radio spots, commercial sponsorships and more: it works. Big corporations know that the more a consumer sees their brand, the more likely they are to give it a try. While you may not have the budget for a massive marketing campaign, you can duplicate their methods by creating a multi-faceted strategy for your online marketing. What are the components of a well-rounded marketing campaign?SOCIAL MEDIAThink back to your high school days when the power of peer pressure could sway people to wear hideous clothes disguised as fashion.  That power has transferred to the internet, and has grown exponentially. While it may not cause people to wear fluorescent orange to work, social media can throw its considerable weight behind a product, or a cause, and the results are impressive.  Social media can include Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, Instagram, Tumblr. It can also encompass blogging platforms like WordPress.Social media has several advantages. It has the potential to reach thousands of consumers easily â€" one tweet can be shared and retweeted thousands of times within the span of a few hours. It is generally low-cost and doesn’t require much training to utilize. When you develop a social media following, it is easy to stay in constant contact with customers and potential customers â€" keeping your brand and company news in the forefront. The biggest investment in social media is time â€" someone needs to develop the content and post the material. The time investment can also be a limitation â€" it is easy to overlook the day’s postings. Like peer pressure, social media is a fickle being. If you are not constantly monitoring and posting, your company will fall out of the social conversation, and you’ve lost any ground you may have gained.  It takes times to build up a following of people on the internet â€" this is not a quick ro ad to success. The benefit of social media is the sheer number of people that you can have contact with â€" all for next to nothing in costs.SEOIf you have ever done an internet search for something, you’ve benefitted from the power of SEO. Search engine optimization (SEO) is the process that puts ‘Mary’s Cleaning Company’ on the first page of a search for cleaning companies, instead of on page fourteen. The world of SEO is somewhat murky. Recent regulation and rule changes about how companies can increase their internet standing have made the process of SEO seem cumbersome. At its core, SEO is the process of making sure that when an individual performs a search on a topic related to your business, your company is found by the people who search internet listings. There are multitudes of ways that you can increase the SEO returns for your company: adding listing articles that have specific keywords, keyword stuffing, backlinks, to name a few. If you are serious about wanting to increase your SEO ranking, the easiest way is to hire content writers or internet copywriters. This investment can range from a few hundred dollars to thousands â€" it all depends on how quickly you want to build content on your website. One of the primary limitations of SEO is that the murky rules change causing an ever growing need for updating. In addition, the ‘buzzwords’ that people search for can change, and your site needs to change with it to ensure that you retain your ranking. One of the best ways you can avoid the murky underworld of SEO is to make sure that your material is filled with quality content that will bring your customers back time and time again.EMAILPerhaps one of the most powerful online marketing tools available, email is a way to engage in a private conversation with your customer â€" at any time of day, anywhere in the world. Email marketing â€" done correctly â€" provides you with the chance to speak to the heart of your customer, and invite them to do business with you. Email lists can be developed through existing customers, sign-up forms on your website, blogging platforms that allow people to follow your postings. Because of spam rules, you will need to ensure that your email recipients have agreed to receive your emails â€" but this means that you have an audience that has chosen to hear what you have to say. Regular email updates allow you to keep your customer informed about new products, offerings or specials. It also allows them to engage in conversation with you â€" generating a feeling of connection that will help build your business. Email marketing programs are available to help you quickly and easily send out newsletters and more.YOUTUBE VIDEOSDo you have specialized knowledge about a subject? Does your company provide a service that people need? Creating and uploading videos to Youtube is an easy way to create interest in your business. Posting the link on your website, sending out an email notification or pos ting a blurb on your social media accounts can drive people to your video, and then hopefully drive them to buy your products. Demonstrating how to use your product, what your product can do or how your company brings benefits are all perfect uses of video. You are limited by needed someone with minimal video equipment and skill, or you can hire a videographer to record your session.SLIDESHARE PRESENTATIONSCreating a Slideshare presentation is a way to share information about your product, services or company through the sharing of content. You can create a slideshow that features specific information about a topic, a skill or idea and then embed that presentation in your website and blog or share it on social media. Slideshare presentations are downloadable â€" so the user can return to the presentation over and over to view it again â€" giving you repeated opportunities to sell your company. These professional looking presentations can give your business an edge over the competiti on, and add value to your website. By filling your website with valuable and useful content, the consumer is more likely to return to you as a trusted source â€" generating not only interest in your products and services but also sales.ONLINE ADSFor a targeted approach to online marketing, you can buy ads through platforms such as Facebook or Google.  You can select your target market demographics, and then the ads are funneled to users based on their identification through Facebook, Google, etc. This direct sales method gets your company’s information in front of the consumers you want increasing the potential for their business. This method of advertising can be costly, depending on the frequency of ads that you choose, the scope of your target market and the size/style of ad that you select. Success can be mixed â€" but with short commitments (some ad campaigns can be run for a little as one month) it may be worth the time and money to try.FIND THE RIGHT PERSON TO MANAGE YOUR ONLINE CAMPAIGNYou’ve developed your list of what online marketing techniques you’re going to use â€" but who is going to do it? Engaging in a marketing campaign can be a full time job â€" which would be fine if you still didn’t have to do your other job(s). Divvy up the responsibility for specific tasks among people in your company. Have a guy who tweets every move he makes? Put him in charge of developing a social media presence. Find Pinterest up on computers during lunch? Assign that person the task of pinning product ideas on a company board. Once you have identified the methods of your online campaign, make a schedule â€" how often will things be updated? Who is responsible for coming up with the material? Who is doing the actual posting? If you’ve decided on including techniques that are beyond the skills you possess, or will take time that you don’t have, find avenues to outsource the task â€" the potential revenue may be worth the added expense.TRACK THE RESULTSY ou’re almost ready to embark on your internet campaign â€" but there is a final piece of information that you’ll need to begin. How will you know if the process is successful? Beyond that, how will you know which methods are working â€" and which ones aren’t? Make sure that you take advantage of the analytics that social media offers to track your campaign. Notice where the trends are: does a new tweet increase the number of visitors to your website? If you pin something on Pinterest, do you notice a jump in sales for that item? Set a schedule for evaluation. Spend time with statistics and charts and find out where your strengths are. Revisit the analytics periodically to ensure that you’re spending time and effort on things that are working â€" and change the things that aren’t.Launching an online marketing campaign can be exciting and horrifying and exhausting. It requires attention and planning â€" but the potential growth for your company can be huge.Some more food for thought on creating an online marketing campaign.[slideshare id=15919137doc=remarkablefinal-130109095307-phpapp01w=710h=400]

The Air Capital Of The World - 1302 Words

In 1928 Wichita began to promote themselves as the â€Å"Air Capital.† Most of the population agrees that Wichita is and always will be the â€Å"Air Capital of the World.† The way that we built the industry is amazing. Yet there are those few individuals who do believe that we should no longer name ourselves as the â€Å"Air Capital.† We have multiple aircraft factories and aircraft is the center of our employment. We have grown our industries and continue to produce more and more aircraft through the decades. By analyzing all the data that was gathered, I will now give a few reasons why Wichita has been named â€Å"Air Capital† in the 1920s and why we will keep that title. Wichita began its journey in the aircraft industry in the 1910’s. Clyde Cessna was†¦show more content†¦Shortly after that, in 1928, â€Å"The Air Capital† was Wichita’s new nickname. As Wichita went on to grow, so did the industries. In 1932, Walter Beech and his wife Olive formed Beech Aircraft company. Their first aircraft was the Model 17R also know as the â€Å"staggerwing.† It took its first flight in November of that year. The Model 18 â€Å"Twin Beech† aircraft was just what the company needed to boom. It turned Beech Aircraft into a huge corporation. The Staggerwing production was ended in 1946 and replaced by the Beechcraft Bonanza. The first airport began its production in 1930 but was not finished until 1935. Its name was The Wichita Municipal Airport. After seventeen years, the Air force built a base and began to use the airport for their own operations. Also in 1935, the â€Å"world’s most efficient airplane† be gan its production. It was named the Cessna Airmaster. World War II was a huge deal for Wichita s aviation. The population exploded almost overnight. We had around 70,000 new residents within the span of four years. We were drawing in workers from around the state and even outside the state. We were one of the major manufacturing centers for military aircraft. 4.2 bombers were being produced daily in Wichita by 1945. Ever since then, Wichita’s employment in the aircraft industry has remained high. 40,000 people were employed by aircraft industries in Wichita by the end of 2008. 4,000 more were employed by subcontractors to provide supplies. Surprisingly mostShow MoreRelatedLeveraged Recap1342 Words   |  6 PagesCase2: Leveraged Recapitalization Client: Sealed Air Corporation I.Executive Summary Founded in 1960, Sealed Air grew rapidly during its first twenty-five years because many products had strong patent protection. By the mid-1980s, the patent of air cellular had run out and competition was getting fiercer. The managers started to pay attention to manufacturing. Therefore, the Sealed Air launched World Class Manufacturing to promote manufacturing performance. After a yearRead MoreAir Pollution Prevention in Tehran Essay711 Words   |  3 PagesOshaghi ENVT 801 Research Paper Air Pollution in Tehran Air pollution has been a major issue in Tehran, the capital of Iran. Three articles have been summarized, which evaluates the causes of air pollution in Tehran, the health concerns, and explaining short-term and long-term remedies that the government of Iran has suggested. Tehran has been listed as the top-ten air-polluted cities in the world in World Health Organization Report (Davidson, 2013). The populationRead MoreThe Capital City Of Liberia Essay993 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Monrovia, the capital city of Liberia, is so congested due to its size coupled with an enormous influx of people from the neighboring country, based on that, the correlation between the environment and living in another city’s is very different from that of Monrovia. 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In recent yearsRead MoreAppraisal Report of Air Thread Connections1004 Words   |  5 PagesTitle: Authors: To: Source: Document Type: Appraisal report of Air Thread connections Jennifer Zhang Robert Zimmerman (Vice President of ACC) New York Business Review, august 2007, volume 3, pp34-89 Appraisal Report ABSTRACT This paper intends to analyze and evaluate the Air Thread Connection (ATC) Company and determine whether the acquisition by the American Cable is acceptable. From the outset, it is observable that, the acquisition would give American Cable access to wireless technologyRead MoreCharacteristics Of An Airline Industry1071 Words   |  5 PagesCharacteristics of An Industry â€Å"Delta Air Lines is one of the world s largest airline carriers in the world. 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Ernest Hemingway Essay - 2076 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Ernest Hemingway was one of the greatest writers of the century. He was born at the close of the old century but was able to see the Disorders of the new century. Hemingway was marvelous in bringing about his pictorial effects for his readers even in his drunken state. Hemingway was skilled in the way he presented the â€Å"real† and â€Å"concrete† to be the first essentials in his writing. He put life back on the page so that we could see the grim reality of the truth. Hemingway’s style brought minute details to the surface so that the readers would understand his meanings. In the stories that I have chosen the critics have analyzed the story. In this paper I intend to prove that Ernest Hemingways writing in†¦show more content†¦Hal Hollady said â€Å"The name of the girl (Jig) is a symbolic name. â€Å"It is a name of a lively dance†. â€Å"The name implies that she may change her mind about the abortion [at any time] (MaGill 1020). This story does not come out and tell you what is going on between the man and the woman. The symbols relate to what is happening. â€Å"One of the important symbols is the bamboo bead curtain [that hangs] across the doorway of the station bar room† (Gilmor 47 ). The curtain[according to the critics] represents the man’s desire to maintain the status quo in their relationship. â€Å"The curtain represents their emotional separation as well, for they regard it differently as they do the more familiar symbol of the hills† (Organ 11). â€Å"Hills refer to the shape of the belly of a pregnant woman, and white elephant is an idiom that refers to useless or unwanted things† (Organ 11). Making more specific symbol of the bead curtain, Elliot thinks that when jig takes hold of the two strain’s of beads they represent the rosary beads and her also being a catholic. When Jig plays with the beads the man thinks that she is playing with a child ’s toy, thus the curtain may symbolize the unborn child. â€Å"The abortion is not merely a perfectly natural or simple operation to her, it is a symbolic act. Jig thinks this will cut her off irrevocably from what is good and alive in the world (MaGill 1019). [Towards the end of the story] the landscape takes on a powerful [picture]. It describesShow MoreRelatedEssay Ernest Hemingway2650 Words   |  11 Pages Ernest Hemingway’s tough, terse prose and short, declarative sentences did more to change the style of written English that any other writing in the twentieth century. Ernest Hemingway had many great accomplishments in his historical life but one event sticks out from the rest. The Old Man and the Sea is one of Hemingway’s most enduring works. Told in Language of great simplicity and power, it is the story of an old Cuban fisherman, agonizing battle with a giant marlin far out in the Gulf StreamRead More Ernest Hemingway Essay974 Words   |  4 Pages Ernest Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899 in a small community of Oak Park, Illinois. He was the second child out of six, with four sisters and one brother. The area Ernest grew up in was a very conservative area of Illinois and was raised with values of strong religion, hard work, physical fitness and self-determination. His household was a very strict one that didn’t allow any enjoyment on Sundays and disobedience was strictly punished. Ernest’s father taught him good morals and values that heRead MoreThe Battler by Ernest Hemingway680 Words   |  3 Pages Throughout life, the people that you may encounter and form relationships with will be the ones that shape who you are and ultimately influence your decisions, actions and personality. In â€Å"The Battler† by Ernest Hemingway, Nick Adams, a young man of roughly twenty years of age encounters an older gentleman named Ad Francis, a once-famous boxer who claims to have gone â€Å"crazy† after his life as a fighter. Ad is accompanied by his best friend Bugs, a black man who accompanies him on his travels throughoutRead MoreErnest Hemingway Essay526 Words   |  3 PagesErnest Hemingway Who is Ernest Hemingway? Ernest Hemingway was born in Oak Park, Illinois, an upper-middle-class suburb of Chicago(Ernest Hemingwaypar 4). He was born in the front bedroom of grandfather Ernest Halls house at eight oclock A.M., July 21, 1899. His parents were Dr. Clarence Edmonds and Grace Hall Hemingway. Ernest was the second child and his sister, Marcelline, was born eighteen months earlier. He also had two other siblings. Carol was born July 19, 1911Read MoreThe Life of Ernest Hemingway1411 Words   |  6 Pages(shmoop.com). Ernest Hemingway was an honest and noble man. His life was highlighted by his successful writing career that brought him fame, fortune, but ultimately loneliness. Ernest Hemingway fell into a hole of drinking and depression (lib.utexas.edu). It was odd for Hemingway to become so emotionally unstable after having a happy childhood, quality experiences, and a successful writing career. Ernest Hemingway was born in Oak Park Illinois in 1899. Oak Park was the town in which Ernest spent hisRead More Ernest Hemingway Essay1638 Words   |  7 PagesErnest Hemingway The writer/artist that I chose to enlighten you with has inspired many writers as well as literature majors for many years. He continues to tickle our imaginations with the legacy that he has left us with. This man was as genuine as you can get. He was loved by many. He made an impact on any life that he came across. This man is non other than, Ernest Hemingway. Hemingway was a free spirit in an unattached sense. He loved adventure, as well as the drink. He was somewhatRead MoreThe Life of Ernest Hemingway523 Words   |  2 Pages On July 21, 1899 Ernest Miller Hemingway was born in Cicero (Oak Park), Illinois. Clarence and Grace Hemingway, Ernest’s parents, raised him and his five siblings in the suburbs and spent time at their cottage in northern Michigan. This is where Ernest learned his love of the outdoors. His father taught him to row a boat, start a fire, clean and cook a fish, make a wild-onion sandwich and handle a gun (Reef, 2009). In high school Hemingway began to write for his school newspaper Trapeze and TabulaRead MoreErnest Hemingway Essay2077 Words   |  9 Pages Ernest Hemingway pulled from his past present experiences to develop his own thoughts concerning death, relationships, and lies. He then mixed these ideas, along with a familiar setting, to create a masterpiece. One such masterpiece written early in Hemingways career is the short story, quot;Indian Camp.quot; quot;Indian Campquot; was originally published in the collection of quot;in Our Timequot; in 1925. A brief summary reve als that the main character, a teenager by the name of Nick, travelsRead MoreResearch Paper On Ernest Hemingway1155 Words   |  5 PagesThe Most Interesting Man In The World The author I have chosen is Ernest Hemingway, who is one of the most celebrated authors of the 20th century. He was an American novelist, short story writer, and journalist. Hemingway wrote a variety of novels. My favorites are For Whom the Bell Tolls, written in 1940, A Farewell to Arms, written in 1929, and The Sun Also Rises, written in 1926. Most of Hemingway’s works are often criticized and considered sexist, but I believe that they give us a glimpse fromRead More Ernest Hemingway Essay1584 Words   |  7 Pages Ernest Miller Hemingway was born in Oak Park, Illinois July 21, 1899. Hemingway is known to be one of the most influential writers of the twentieth century. He has written more than one hundred short fiction stories, many of them to be well known around the world. Some of these short stories had just as powerful an impact as his novels. As a young man, Hemingway left from his hometown to Europe, where he worked for the Red Cross during World War I. His time spent there inspired him to write some

American history since 1876 Free Essays

Wars often have a significant impact upon the domestic development of a nation. Every nation at one point or the other has experienced a war of some sort and this has gone a long way in shaping economic, political and social lives of citizens. United States in particular had a fair share of wars especially looking back at the last two or so decades. We will write a custom essay sample on American history since 1876 or any similar topic only for you Order Now The World War and the Cold War were very instrumental in shaping what the United States of America is today. This discussion looks at how these two wars brought about changes in the political, social and economic arenas (Martin, G. S. 2004). The Second World War commonly referred to as World War 2 was conflict in the military that was felt throughout the world by all nations. The Cold War on the other hand was subsequent to the Second World War and it was a conflict between the western region of the world led by U. S and the Soviet Union. The effects of the world war were evident in many countries and United States was no exception. The effects were both negative and positive. They were negative in the sense there was a lot of destruction of property and many lives were lost. However there are also many positive effects in that many developments were achieved. The first notable development was in the area of technology. It is during the world war that the forerunner was developed which would later bring about the development of television. This paved way for the growth of the economy of what was later to become the world’s superpower. It was not all about growth. As already mentioned the Second World War also had far reaching negative effects. One of the greatest economic devastations that have always been associated with the Second World War was the Great Depression where banks closed unemployment soared as factories closed down, people starved, there were long queues for bread and the rural folks lost their mortgages. It was due to deteriorated housing conditions, unbearable working conditions and unavailability of essential commodities that is said to have brought the economic growth down. The government’s ability to control the economy through control over spending and consumption emerged during the great depression. It is thus believed that the Great Depression did contribute indirectly to the growth of the economy of the U. S. It is also clear that the Cold War left the U. S as the only super power with Russia having collapsed (Martin, G. S. 2004). The World War 2 and the Cold did also have effects on the social and cultural life of the Americans. It was evident that after such a long period of war American citizens were finding it hard to adjust to the ordinary life. It took them a couple of years before they could adjust but finally they were able to. However from research conducted there are clear indications that the general living standards of American citizens improved. In conclusion it is clear that the Second World War and the Cold war did have a great impact in the international community and United States in particular. The effects were both positive and negative. However in most cases the positive effects are more visible as America emerged as the world’s super power due to these wars. Words: 555 Reference: Martin, G. S. (2004). The Second World War: A Complete History, New York: SAGE. How to cite American history since 1876, Papers

Strategic Management Essay Sample free essay sample

Demonstrate how you would measure personal and professional accomplishments required to accomplish strategic ends: -Demonstrate how you would utilize appropriate methods to measure personal accomplishments required to accomplish strategic ends -Explain how you would use techniques to measure the professional accomplishments required to back up the strategic way of the organisation In order for an organisation to be successful and keep long term sustainability it needs to guarantee that there are effectual strategic directors who are good cognizant of the ends and aims of the organisation so that they can work towards the ends and aims expeditiously and efficaciously ( Williams A ; McWilliams 2010 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Management Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There are assorted accomplishments that a strategic director should hold but some of the accomplishments that are extremely indispensable are clip direction accomplishments. direction accomplishments. emphasis direction accomplishments. job work outing accomplishments. motivational accomplishments. good communicating accomplishments. determination doing accomplishments and leading accomplishments. These accomplishments are farther divided and assigned into two classs ; Personal accomplishments and Professional accomplishments ( Williams A ; McWilliams 2010 ) . In my instance. I am responsible for the overall operations of the company whether that be any undertaking established or upcoming. Hence I need to guarantee that I use my accomplishments are in a proper mode so that they are in line with the organization’s strategic ends. Personal accomplishments explained in simple footings are the ability to make something. These accomplishments are really indispensable to every person whether they be an employee in a company or a pupil in a university. They play a really of import function for directors as they are perceived as a function theoretical account for their staff. Time direction. emphasis direction and communications accomplishments form portion of personal accomplishments. I would utilize the method of accomplishments audit to measure the personal accomplishments that are required to accomplish strategic ends. A accomplishments audit is a procedure whereby it will assist me to believe about the things that I am good at and those that require farther development ( Dadwal n. d. ) . My organisation recommends a accomplishments audit for each of its employees. Another method that I focus on is the feedback method. Sing our company is really new we have monthly feedback session with the manager which farther helps us to admit our weak and strong points. Professional accomplishments include accomplishments such as guidance and mentoring. leading. and presentation accomplishments. In footings of measuring my personal accomplishments I use the SWOT analysis. This is a possible attack whereby I can place my strengths. failings. chances and failings. This designation is intended to assist an single their development demands and wants ( Dadwal n. d. ) . I believe this helps me in developing my calling in a way where I take optimal advantage of my endowments. abilities. and chances. Section 2 Demonstrate how you would carry on a accomplishments audit to place learning manner: -Demonstrate how you would transport out a accomplishments audit to measure the strategic accomplishments needed to run into current and future leading demands -Explain how you would use appropriate techniques to place preferable acquisition manner A accomplishments audit is whereby one can reexamine their bing accomplishment against the accomplishments that are required in your current every bit good as future function. It helps in placing bing accomplishments. identifies what accomplishments might be required in order to transport out your current function. be aftering efficaciously. developing and bettering the accomplishments and cognition required for future calling. Skills audit is carried out as a five phase procedure. Phase 1 – Existing Skills and Knowledge Identification The first phase is composing down the cognition and accomplishments which are considered of import for the current function. This can usually be obtained from the occupationdescription. Phase 2 – Future Skills and Knowledge IdentificationThis is observing down the cognition and accomplishments that are considered to be indispensable for future function. Phase 3 – Rating Your AbilityOnce the list is ready. the current abilities need to be rated against each accomplishment. This can either be done in a three points evaluation of strong. weak and mean or in five points evaluation which in more in deepness. 1. = no current competence 2. = Some consciousness3. = some competence4. = high degree of competence5. = to the full competent Phase 4 – Review Your Ability RatingsThis phase advises to acquire the list reviewed in order to derive feedback. usually by a supervisor in the workplace. Phase 5 – Your Future Development The last phase is merely utilizing this information in bettering. developing accomplishments and cognition for future development. Below is a accomplishments audit that I conducted for myself. I believe that I will be necessitating the same accomplishment set for my future calling as good hence I have merely conducted the accomplishments audit for my current function. Knowledge and accomplishments which I consider to be of import for my current function Your Ability Rating ( 1-5 ) or strong / weak / someplace in between Planning accomplishments 4Self-management accomplishments 3Communication skills 5Leadership skills 4Peoples pull offing accomplishments 4Time direction 3Analytic skills4Interpretation skills4Presentation skills 5Problem-Solving accomplishments 5Computer skills 5Networking accomplishments 3Decision-making accomplishments 4Motivation skills 4 There are assorted theoretical accounts that explain the manner people learn. One can be more of an effectual scholar if they are cognizant of the scope of possible acquisition methods and known when to use and what will outdo work for them ( Rosewell. n. d. ) . Harmonizing to Honey and Mumford ( 2000 ) . they claim that persons prefer different methods of larning depending on the scenario and experience degree. They have provided a questionnaire that examines general behaviour inclinations. This theoretical account is used by our organisation and I have used it for my preferable learning manner every bit good. There are four larning manners to this i. e. ; Militants. Pragmatist. Theorist and Reflector. After taking that questionnaire I can confidentially state that my preferable learning manner is a combination of both Militants and Pragmatist depending on the state of affairs. Section 3 Demonstrate how you would implement a personal development program: -Demonstrate how you would build a personal development program that meets leading development demands identified in the accomplishments audit -Explain the methods you would utilize to measure the results of a personal development program against personal work aims -Explain how you would measure the impact of your ain acquisition against the accomplishment of strategic ends A personal development program is where a list of ends and aims are included for persons to find the manner to accomplish these aims. This is considered to be a really structured attack ( BSBM notes ) . Below is my personal development program which I had constructed in a old assignment prior to carry oning a accomplishments audit. This program was constructed sing my current occupation and the accomplishments I needed to make it competently. I had besides considered the possible alterations in the old ages in front. I noted down both my short term every bit good as long term aspirations and the clip required to accomplish them. I carried out a realistic attack towards the readying of this program. I including my acquisition demands and how they will they fulfill the demands for carry throughing my personal every bit good as organisational aims. In building a Personal Development Plan one besides needs to see the resources that will be required in order to accomplish the aims every bit good as puting a realistic clip. While building this PDP I kept the SMART ends in head. After carry oning the accomplishments audit I would do more entries into the program sing the evaluation I gave to each accomplishment. Development NeedAction NeededResources NeededPersonal ObjectiveOrganizational GoalDate for Achievement A ; Review 1. Better Planning accomplishments -Set ain deadlines. instead than follow existent deadlines -Train staff in a manner that they come up with their ain agendas and so consult with meOn the occupation experience every bit good as larning programme. Improvement in the planning accomplishments will do me work more expeditiously and efficaciously. less emphasis. Working efficaciously and expeditiously will do it easier to accomplish organisational ends. December 2012 2. Better Self- direction accomplishments -Provide some flexibleness in the to make list. larn to prioritise On the occupation experience every bit good as larning programme application into the workplace Self-management accomplishments will assist me in a manner that I can break trade with the undertakings that are assigned to me Since I am the Operations director. the undertakings I do. hold an consequence on the organisational ends and aims On-going 3. Better Self-confidence ( swear ain determination doing power ) -On the occupation experience. interaction with co-workers-Weekly reappraisal of achievements. errors. and so larn from the errors -Learning programmes. every bit good as workplace experience-will assist get the better of the emotional elements which is portion of my failing. demand to swear my determination doing power so I am more stronger and confident in doing determinations -Operations Manager needs to move in the best involvement of the company. Since better assurance will foster assist me in doing determinations and swearing them will finally ensue in run intoing organisational ends Ongoing4. Networking accomplishments Need to socialise more. attend conferences. concern parties. etcGuidance from manager and senior managementWill aid in future calling Will assist organisation sing it runs several undertakings Ongoing 5. Time managementNeed to clip myself. put dismaies. deadlinesOn the occupation experience Salvaging clip. less stressTasks done efficaciously and expeditiously On-going In order for me to measure the result of the Personal Development Plan against my personal work aims I would carry on a reappraisal every one time in a piece. to see whether that result has been achieved. I need to find to what extent I have met the ends. In instance the results have non been met I should do appropriate alterations to my program and proctor as to what is it that I am non making right. Additionally I can besides maintain a acquisition log where I make entries after a twosome of hebdomads where for case the clip direction accomplishments. I can put an earlier deadline for a undertaking and see whether I am able to complete it on clip. that peculiar activity can be recorded in the acquisition log. hence this will assist me for the self-evaluation at a ulterior phase. The larning log will be entering the path modus operandi which will finally assist me in reexamining my result against my personal work aim. My rating will measure the extent to which I have made advancemen t in implementing the Professional Development Plan and accomplishing SMART aims. When I have achieved the strategic ends I will do a comparing of what I am making otherwise which will finally take to the apprehension of what I have learned against accomplishing the strategic ends. Brooding Learning Statement The chief subjects of this unit has impacted and will certainly impact my work function in the hereafter. I have gone through tonss of articles. notes. diaries provided to derive an apprehension of what strategic direction is all approximately. In add-on to this I have spoken to directors in the workplace who are manner more experient than me to derive an penetration and so associate the existent life illustration with the theory and I understood the constructs in deepness by this comparing. At the start of this unit I consider that I was weak in a few countries and I had to carry on a batch of research but my strength of being motivated and determined take me into carry oning appropriate research for this subject given that there is non plenty ( harmonizing to me ) stuff provided on Moodle as in comparing with other units. I feel really comfy about this unit now. Mentions Dadwal. S n. d. . â€Å"Personal development program and Learning styles† . Powerpoint notes. viewed on 1. 10. 2012. retrieved from cyberspace. Honey. P. A ; Mumford. A. ( 2000 ) . â€Å"The larning manners helper’s guide. Maidenhead† : Peter Honey Publications Ltd. Rosewell. J n. d. . â€Å"Learning Styles† . The Open University. Williams. C A ; McWilliams. A 2010. MGMT. Asia Pacific edn. Cengage Learning. Melbourne.

Womens Roles in Religion Essays

Womens Roles in Religion Essays Womens Roles in Religion Essay Womens Roles in Religion Essay Contemporary women are faced with oppressive traditions that restrict their roles in world religions, but notable women are taking steps to promote a more egalitarian future. Nick Maki Historically, women have held prominent and influential roles in several religions, but women have been deprived of these roles as the majority of religions have become increasingly institutionalized. In this analysis, I will review women’s roles in Indigenous Religions, Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam to highlight how androcentric cultures have led to women’s diminished religious influence. I contend that women have been ostracized from religious hierarchies based on ancient cultural beliefs. Therefore, I will show that many misogynistic religious traditions have arisen primarily out of fear of female biology and subsequent attempts to control what was not understood. I believe that our collective human knowledge has advanced far beyond these early superstitions, but many religions still obstinately cling to these primitive traditions because they clearly benefit the ruling male hierarchies. First, I will give brief overview of each religion, and then I will discuss some of the notable women that are challenging these archaic traditions in order to attain equality in these religions. In order to understand the affect that culture has had on several of these â€Å"Great Religions† it is necessary to first examine the roles of women in non-institutionalized religions. These religions are often referred to as â€Å"Indigenous Religions,† however there are many other terms used to describe this vast group of disparate religious beliefs, practices, and oral traditions (Eller). Therefore, â€Å"indigenous religions† is merely â€Å"a catch-all term encompassing all remaining cultures, generally tribal, in which local religious practices and beliefs are still alive, usually in close relationship to the land upon which the people live† (M. P. Fisher 35). In these cultures, â€Å"[r]eligion and everyday life are often so intertwined that the people may have no word for ‘religion’ as a thing apart that occurs only sometimes in temples† (M. P. Fisher 35). Women in these cultures have traditionally held socially powerful roles and â€Å"[m]any Native American groups were apparently matrilineal† (M. P. Fisher 37). Furthermore, women in these cultures have often held considerable political power as well (M. P. Fisher 37). I believe that women in indigenous religions generally have more influence and power since most of these religions do not have religious texts. Instead, these religions are typically passed on orally and these cultures tend to rely on simple subsistence methods of survival. As such, these small tribal cultures must depend heavily on the equal cooperation of every member of its group for survival and I believe this has resulted in more egalitarian traditions. Paula Gunn Allen, a Native womanist believes that: ‘gynocracies’ by which she means ‘woman-centered tribal societies,’ in which matrilocality [the tradition by which the husband lives with the wife’s community], matrifocality [households consisting only of the mother and her children], matrilinearity [kinship traced through the mother’s side], maternal control of household goods and resources, and female deities of the magnitude of the Christian God were and are present and active features of traditional tribal life. . Some distinguishing features of a woman-centered social system include free and easy sexuality and wide latitude in personal style. This latitude means that a diversity of people, including gay males and lesbians, are not denied and are in fact likely to be accorded honor. Also prominent in such systems are nurturing, pacifist, and passive males (as defined by western minds) and self-defining, assertive, decisive women. . . (M. P . Fisher 38). Therefore, based upon many of the traditions of various indigenous religions, there is strong evidence to support the view â€Å"that the more religion is an integral aspect of life, rather than something institutionalized and separate from daily life, the more women are likely to be involved in it† (M. P. Fisher 39). As such, the lack of religious texts in indigenous religions has helped to prevent the androcentric interpretations that are ubiquitous in many of the institutionalized religions. Hinduism is considered an institutionalized religion, yet it â€Å"is not a ‘single’ unified tradition,† but rather a diverse group of beliefs that have primarily evolved from the Vedas (M. P. Fisher 64). While it appears that women were respected in ancient India, this respect has been slowly eroded (M. P. Fisher 67). As Hinduism evolved, male babies were increasingly favored due to the overwhelming burden of the dowry system. Around 400 BCE to 100BCE it is believed that Brahman men’s influence was threatened and previously independently worshipped goddesses were transformed into the wives of gods (M. P. Fisher 68). Further evidence of the erosion of women’s roles is found in the Upanishads, the latest of the Vedic writings, which advises â€Å"that if a wife refuses her husband’s sexual advances, he should try to persuade her by coaxing, then by gifts, and finally by beating her with his fists or with rods† (M. P. Fisher 67). However, there are contradictory views in the Laws of Manu that assert that â€Å"where women are honored, there the gods are pleased; but where they are not honored no sacred rite yields rewards† (M. P. Fisher 67). Therefore, since the Vedas are comprised of a multitude of various additions, there is no singular religious canon that comprehensively defines the religion. I believe that this religious subjectivity has resulted in traditions that are based as much on prevailing cultural practices as on any specific religious texts. As such, Hinduism is open to a broad variety of interpretations that have generally been defined by the ruling, Brahman class. Nonetheless, Hindu women have begun to take progressive steps to overturn these misogynistic cultural traditions. Perhaps one of the most influential of these contemporary female leaders is Sri Mata Amritanandamayi. She is an extremely popular guru who suggests that women must simply â€Å"wake up† and assert their roles in religion (M. P. Fisher 89). She further suggests that women have merely been conditioned to believe that they cannot overturn these outdated hierarchies. Amritanandamayi teaches that women and men can attain the state of universal motherhood which is a â€Å"love and compassion felt not only towards one’s own children, but towards all people, animals and plants, rocks and rivers- a love extended to all of nature, all beings† (M. P. Fisher 91). Therefore, she believes that women must simply awaken from centuries of conditioning in order to once again express their powers of the â€Å"Divine Mother. † (M. P. Fisher 91). Buddhism is an institutionalized religion that is based on the â€Å"Four Noble Truths† (Eller). These truths state that all suffering is caused by human desire; by overcoming human desire it is possible to end all suffering and become enlightened (Eller). Unfortunately, the Buddha never wrote down a comprehensive outline of his teachings. Therefore, his teachings were passed down orally for centuries. As any player of the â€Å"telephone game† can attest, the retelling of even simple information can lead to outlandish and entirely incorrect interpretations. Furthermore, if you consider the multiple language translations that were necessary, it becomes even more likely that there were at least minor discrepancies between the Buddha’s original teachings and the subsequent writings of the memorized texts three hundred years later. â€Å"In other words, as soon as the Buddha- who had apparently made it clear that women and men were spiritual equals- passed on, culturally-based negative views of women became apparent among the monks† (M. P. Fisher 104). It is written in the texts that a senior Theravedan monk destroyed a stupa dedicated to a revered sister (M. P. Fisher 105). The monk claimed that it was distracting him from his meditations, but I believe that jealousy was the more likely culprit. Also, the Thai nun Dhammananda points out that many of the weaknesses of women are actually the weakness of the men. She asserts that monks have subjugated women because they cannot control their own sexual desires (M. P. Fisher 118). Therefore, Buddhism, in its purest form, should not make any distinction between genders. Professor Gross states that â€Å"gender roles and gender privilege are matters of worldly thinking, not of enlightened thought. If ‘egolessness’ is the goal, then there is no argument supporting male dominance over women† (M. P. Fisher 119). Of course, this hypocrisy has been noted by women since the inception of the religion and many notable Buddhist women are striving for greater equality. Although there will not be a woman Dalai Lama anytime soon, it is important to note that Buddhism teaches that enlightenment is available to anyone regardless of gender (M. P. Fisher 119,123). I agree with the Venerable Tsultrim Allione, a Tibetan Buddhist nun, in that we are in a transition and we must facilitate the groundwork for those who follow (M. P. Fisher 120). As such, significant structural change within the Buddhist religion may take a long time, but some diligent women are currently laying the foundation for future changes. Judaism is considered an â€Å"ethnic religion† in that it is based as much on tradition as it is on scriptures (Eller). Therefore, Judaism is an epitome for how religions have been molded by culture. For example, it seems likely that early Jewish cultures were fearful of the female form because it was not fully understood i. e. pregnancy, childbirth, menstruation, sexuality. These fears resulted in misogynistic traditions, such as mikveh, that equate these natural processes with impurity. Furthermore, women were discouraged from studying the Torah so they could attend to other household duties (Eller). This resulted in deep-rooted, patriarchal, male-based interpretations of the Torah that have served to suppress female participation in religious ceremonies. Nonetheless, contemporary Jewish women are taking promising steps in gaining equality, such as â€Å"the right to be called up to the Torah, to be counted in the minyan, to initiate divorce, to have equal rights in carrying out the commandments, and to be rabbis and cantors† (M. P. Fisher 174). As such, â€Å"[w]omen are becoming active participants in midrash- the ongoing process of interpretation of the bible† (M. P. Fisher 177). This is a critical step toward long-term, structural changes in the religion, because female interpretations of the Jewish scriptures are finally being acknowledged and studied. Rabbi Patricia Karlin-Nuemann, who was ordained in 1982, believes that â€Å"there was always an attempt to minimize the differentness and the newness of what it meant to be a woman rabbi† (M. P. Fisher 184). However, she embraced these differences because they introduced a new and refreshing perspective to the religion. These new perspectives will provide a reassuring light for the next generation of Jewish women to follow in this religious evolution. Christianity is perhaps one of the most institutionalized of the â€Å"Great Religions. This has been a result of numerous divisions and a multitude of differing perspectives. For example, there are striking contradictions between the original teachings of Jesus Christ and the practices of the Roman Catholic Church. Mary Pat Fisher, author of Women in Religion, explains that: The movement that developed around [Jesus Christ] was unique in its outreach to people from all levels of society, especially those considered unclean by the Jewish temple priests and rabbis, who placed great emphasis on ritual purity and moral piety. These marginal people included the very poor, the physically handicapped, those suffering from skin diseases, the socially despised such as tax collectors, sinners, prostitutes, slaves, and women. Women had been considered impure because of their bleeding during menstruation and childbirth and were thought of as possessions of men. Collectively, Jesus referred to them all as the ‘poor. ’ He invited them all to eat together at the same table, as brothers and sisters in a community that excluded no one from God’s grace and recognized no hierarchy. However, the Roman Catholic Church is explicitly hierarchical â€Å"with traditionalist, male-dominant policies, such as its stands against birth control, divorce, and abortion, its resistance to liberation theology, and denial of priesthood to women† (M. P. Fisher 215). Further explicit misogyny is contained within the Malleas Maleficarum, a document that justified the torture and execution of millions of women who did not conform to church expectations. However, feminist biblical scholar, Phyllis Trible, believes that Christian sexism and faith are so deeply intertwined that few ever question it (M. P. Fisher 211). Contemporary women in Christianity â€Å"have tried to redefine the interpretation of Christianity so that it is true their understanding and experiences- not necessarily as historically interpreted by men† (M. P. Fisher 221). This shift toward theological feminism coincided with the feminist revolution of the 1960’s, and it focused on â€Å"re-evaluating the patriarchal language and patterns of power, as well as making their voices heard on other ethical issues (M. P. Fisher 222). These female interpretations are aimed at re-defining the patriarchal languagewhich portrays God as an aggressive male ruler- in favor viewing God as a loving figure. Sallie McFague, an American Christian Theologian, views â€Å"God as a lover, a mother, a friend,† while Dorothee Soelle, a German Theologian, argues â€Å"that a concept of God as male ruler supports oppression and violence by men against humanity† (M. P. Fisher 223). Islam is perhaps the most feared and misunderstood of the â€Å"Great Religions. † Ironically, Islam shares similar qualities with its rival, Christianity. First, both religions were founded by a prophet who had relatively enlightened views about equality between the sexes. Muhammad, like Jesus, shared many of his private revelations and visions with women, specifically his wives Khadija and A’isha (M. P. Fisher 237, 240). As such, these women were originally revered and celebrated with temples, but these temples have since been destroyed (M. P. Fisher 238,241). Second, the religion of Islam sustained a massive division early in its development i. e. Sunnis and Shi’as, similar to the split of the Roman Catholic Church and the Orthodox sects. The foundation of Islam is based on the Qur’an, but many of Islam’s anti-female traditions have been enacted by different legal schools (M. P. Fisher 243). As such, the Qur’an actually serves to protect the rights of women, yet cultural interpretations have taken it out of context in order to support cultural biases (M. P. Fisher 244). Islamic studies Professor, Riffat Hassan, believes that the Qur’an is inherently â€Å"open† and â€Å"strongly guarantees all fundamental human rights, without reserving them for men alone,† but, unfortunately, many Muslim cultures have chosen to â€Å"regard the Shari’a [the code regulating all aspects of a Muslim’s life] as fixed† (M. P. Fisher 245). Muslims form the majority in 44 different countries, and there are as many variations in the Muslim practices. Some cultures enforce very strict rules and regulations, such as the Taliban and Deoband reform movement, while other Muslim cultures have adapted a fairly liberal lifestyle (M. P. Fisher 253,254). Therefore, the religion of Islam does innately regard women as inferior, but various cultures have hijacked the Qur’an to further their own cultural beliefs. As you can see, nearly all religions have been molded by the cultures in which they have arisen. Most of these religions wish to convey absolute truth, but it is impossible to ignore how these truths have been molded by prevailing cultural biases. Therefore, I contend that culture and religion are intrinsically intertwined. These primary components of the human experience do not exist in a perfect vacuum. Therefore, they are not exclusive of each other. It is important to note that women have gained significant levels of equality in many cultures, but they have yet to attain comparable equality in any of the institutionalized religions that I have analyzed. I believe that misogyny is still prevalent in these religions, because we have been conditioned to believe that religion perfectly iterates the natural laws of the universe and that it is not overtly affected by prevailing cultures. However, religions are always evolving and I believe that as human cultures become progressively egalitarian, religion will eventually reflect these changes, too. Eller, Cynthia. (2004-2011). Revealing World Religions 4. 0 [computer software]. Thinking Strings LLC. Electronic. Fisher, Mary P. Women in Religion. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc. , 2007. Print.

Biography of Pol Pot, Cambodian Dictator

Biography of Pol Pot, Cambodian Dictator Pol Pot (born Saloth Sar; May 19, 1925–April 15, 1998) was a Cambodian dictator. As the head of the Khmer Rouge, he oversaw an unprecedented and extremely brutal attempt to remove Cambodia from the modern world and establish an agrarian utopia. While attempting to create this utopia, Pol Pot initiated the Cambodian genocide, which lasted from 1975 to 1979 and caused the deaths of at least 1.5 million Cambodians. Fast Facts: Pol Pot Known For: As the leader of the revolutionary Khmer Rouge, Pol Pot oversaw the Cambodian genocide.Also Known As: Saloth SarBorn: May 19, 1925 in Prek Sbauv, CambodiaParents: Loth Sar and Sok NemDied: April 15, 1998 in Anlong Veng, CambodiaSpouse(s): Khieu Ponnary (m. 1956–1979), Mea Son (m. 1986–1998)Children: Sar Patchata Early Life Pol Pot was born Saloth Sar on May 19, 1928, in the fishing village of Prek Sbauk, Kampong Thom province, in what was then French Indochina (now Cambodia). His family, of Chinese-Khmer descent, was moderately well-to-do. They had connections to the royal family: a sister was a concubine of the king, Sisovath Monivong, and a brother was a court official. In 1934, Pol Pot went to live with the brother in Phnom Penh, where he spent a year in a royal Buddhist monastery and then attended a Catholic school. At age 14, he began high school in Kompong Cham. Pol Pot was, however, not a very successful student, and he eventually switched to a technical school to study carpentry. In 1949, Pol Pot obtained a scholarship to study radio electronics in Paris. He enjoyed himself in Paris, gaining a reputation as something of a bon vivant, fond of dancing and drinking red wine. However, by his second year in Paris, Pol Pot had become friends with other students who were impassioned by politics. From these friends, Pol Pot encountered Marxism, joining the Cercle Marxiste (Marxist Circle of Khmer Students in Paris) and the French Communist Party. (Many of the other students whom he befriended during this period later became central figures in the Khmer Rouge.) After Pol Pot failed his examinations for the third year in a row, however, he had to return in January 1953 to what would shortly become Cambodia. Joining the Viet Minh As the first of the Cercle Marxiste to return to Cambodia, Pol Pot helped assess the different groups rebelling against the Cambodian government and recommended that returning members of the Cercle join the Khmer Viet Minh (or Moutakeaha). Although Pol Pot and other members of the Cercle disliked that the Khmer Viet Minh had heavy ties with Vietnam, the group felt this Communist revolutionary organization was the one most likely to take action. In August 1953, Pol Pot left his home secretly and, without even telling his friends, headed to the Viet Minh’s Eastern Zone Headquarters, located near the village of Krabao. The camp was located in the forest and consisted of canvas tents that could be easily moved in case of an attack. Pol Pot (and eventually more of his Cercle friends) were dismayed to find the camp completely segregated, with Vietnamese as the high-ranking members and Cambodians (Khmers) given only menial tasks. Pol Pot himself was assigned tasks such as farming and working in the mess hall. Still, he watched and learned how the Viet Minh used propaganda and force to take control of peasant villages in the region. The Khmer Viet Minh was forced to disband after the 1954 Geneva Accords; Pol Pot and several of his friends headed back to Phnom Penh. 1955 Election The 1954 Geneva Accords had temporarily quashed much of the revolutionary fervor within Cambodia and proclaimed a mandatory election in 1955. Pol Pot, who was now back in Phnom Penh, was determined to do what he could to influence the election. He infiltrated the Democratic Party with the hope of being able to reshape its policies. When it turned out that Prince Norodom Sihanouk had rigged the election, Pol Pot and others became convinced that the only way to change Cambodia was through revolution. Khmer Rouge In the years following the 1955 elections, Pol Pot led a dual life. By day, Pol Pot worked as a teacher and surprisingly was well-liked by his students. By night, Pol Pot was heavily involved in a Communist revolutionary organization, the Kampuchean Peoples Revolutionary Party (KPRP). (â€Å"Kampuchean† is another term for â€Å"Cambodian.†) During this time, Pol Pot also married Khieu Ponnary, the sister of one of his Paris student friends. The couple never had children together. By 1959, Prince Sihanouk had begun to seriously repress leftist political movements, especially by targeting the older generation of experienced dissidents. With many of the older leaders in exile or on the run, Pol Pot and other young members of the KPRP emerged as leaders in party affairs. After a power struggle within the KPRP in the early 1960s, Pol Pot took control of the party. This party, which was officially renamed the Communist Party of Kampuchea (CPK) in 1966, became more commonly known as the Khmer Rouge (meaning â€Å"Red Khmer† in French). The term â€Å"Khmer Rouge† was used by Prince Sihanouk to describe the CPK, since many in the CPK were both Communists (often called â€Å"reds†) and of Khmer descent. The Battle to Topple Prince Sihanouk In March 1962 when his name appeared on a list of people wanted for questioning, Pol Pot went into hiding. He took to the jungle and began preparing a guerrilla-based revolutionary movement that intended to topple Prince Sihanouk’s government. In 1964 with help from North Vietnam, the Khmer Rouge established a base camp in the border region and issued a declaration calling for armed struggle against the Cambodian monarchy, which they viewed as corrupt and repressive. The ideology of the Khmer Rouge gradually developed in this period. It featured a Maoist orientation with an emphasis on the peasant farmer as the foundation for a revolution. This contrasted with the orthodox Marxist idea that the proletariat (working class) was the basis for revolution. Courting Vietnam and China In 1965, Pol Pot was hoping to get support from either Vietnam or China for his revolution. Since the Communist North Vietnamese regime was the most likely source of support for the Khmer Rouge at the time, Pol Pot went to Hanoi to ask for aid. In response to his request, the North Vietnamese criticized Pol Pot for having a nationalist agenda. Since, at this time, Prince Sihanouk was letting the North Vietnamese use Cambodian territory in their struggle against South Vietnam and the United States, the Vietnamese believed the time was not right for an armed struggle in Cambodia. It did not matter to the Vietnamese that the time might have felt right for the Cambodian people. Pol Pot next visited the Communist People’s Republic of China (PRC) and fell under the influence of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, which emphasized revolutionary enthusiasm and sacrifice. It accomplished this in part by encouraging people to destroy any vestiges of traditional Chinese civilization. China would not openly support the Khmer Rouge, but it gave Pol Pot some ideas for his own revolution. In 1967, Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge, though isolated and lacking widespread support, made the decision to start a revolt against the Cambodian government. The initial action began on January 18, 1968. By that summer, Pol Pot had moved away from collective leadership to become the sole decision maker. He even set up a separate compound and lived apart from the other leaders. Cambodia and the Vietnam War The Khmer Rouge’s revolution progressed very slowly until two major events occurred in 1970. The first was a successful coup led by General Lon Nol, which deposed the increasingly unpopular Prince Sihanouk and aligned Cambodia with the United States. The second involved a massive bombardment campaign and invasion of Cambodia by the United States. During the Vietnam War, Cambodia had officially remained neutral; however, the Viet Cong (Vietnamese communist guerrilla fighters) used that position to their advantage by creating bases within Cambodian territory in order to regroup and store supplies. American strategists believed that a massive bombing campaign within Cambodia would deprive the Viet Cong of this sanctuary and thus bring the Vietnam War to a quicker end. The result for Cambodia was political destabilization. These political changes set the stage for the rise of the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia. With an incursion by Americans within Cambodia, Pol Pot was able to claim that the Khmer Rouge was fighting for Cambodian independence and against imperialism. Although he might have been refused aid from North Vietnam and China before, Cambodian involvement in the Vietnam War led to their support of the Khmer Rouge. With this new backing, Pol Pot was able to concentrate on recruiting and training while the North Vietnamese and the Viet Cong did most of the initial fighting. Disturbing trends emerged early. Students and so-called â€Å"middle† or better-off peasants were no longer allowed to join the Khmer Rouge. Former government workers and officials, teachers, and people with an education were also purged from the party. Chams- an important ethnic group in Cambodia- and other minorities were forced to adopt Cambodian styles of dress and appearance. Decrees were issued establishing cooperative agricultural enterprises. The practice of emptying urban areas began. By 1973, the Khmer Rouge controlled two-thirds of the country and half the population. Genocide in Democratic Kampuchea After five years of civil war, the Khmer Rouge was finally able to capture Cambodia’s capital of Phnom Penh on April 17, 1975. This ended Lon Nol’s rule and began the five-year reign of the Khmer Rouge. It was at this time that Saloth Sar began calling himself â€Å"brother number one† and took Pol Pot as his nom de guerre. (According to one source, â€Å"Pol Pot† comes from the French words â€Å"politique potentielle.†) After taking control of Cambodia, Pol Pot declared the Year Zero. This meant much more than restarting the calendar; it was a means of emphasizing that all that was familiar in the lives of Cambodians were to be destroyed. This was a far more comprehensive cultural revolution than the one Pol Pot had observed in Communist China. Religion was abolished, ethnic groups were  forbidden to speak their language or follow their customs, and political dissent was ruthlessly suppressed. As dictator of Cambodia, which the Khmer Rouge renamed Democratic Kampuchea, Pol Pot began a ruthless, bloody campaign against a variety of groups: members of the former government, Buddhist monks, Muslims, Western-educated intellectuals, university students and teachers, people in contact with Westerners or Vietnamese, people who were crippled or lame, and ethnic Chinese, Laotians, and Vietnamese. These massive changes within Cambodia and the specific targeting of large sections of the population led to the Cambodian genocide. By its end in 1979, at least 1.5 million people had been murdered in the â€Å"Killing Fields.† Many were beaten to death with iron bars or hoes after digging their own graves. Some were buried alive. One directive read: â€Å"Bullets not to be wasted.† Most died from starvation and disease, but probably 200,000 were executed, often after interrogation and brutal torture. The most infamous interrogation center was Tuol Sleng, S-21 (Security Prison 21), a former high school. It was there that prisoners were photographed, interrogated, and tortured. It was known as â€Å"the place where people go in but never come out.† Vietnam Defeats the Khmer Rouge As the years passed, Pol Pot became increasingly paranoid about the possibility of an invasion by Vietnam. To preempt an attack, Pol Pot’s regime began carrying out raids and massacres in Vietnamese territory. Rather than dissuade the Vietnamese from attacking, these raids ultimately provided Vietnam with an excuse to invade Cambodia in 1978. By the following year, the Vietnamese had routed the Khmer Rouge, ending both the Khmer Rouge’s rule in Cambodia and the genocidal policies of Pol Pot. Ousted from power, Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge retreated to a remote area of Cambodia along the border with Thailand. For several years, the North Vietnamese tolerated the existence of the Khmer Rouge in this border area. However, in 1984, the North Vietnamese made a concerted effort to deal with them. After that, the Khmer Rouge survived only with the support of Communist China and the toleration of the Thai government. In 1985, Pol Pot resigned as head of the Khmer Rouge and handed over day-to-day administrative tasks to his longtime associate, Son Sen. Pol Pot nonetheless continued as the de facto leader of the party. Aftermath In 1995, Pol Pot, still living in isolation on the Thai border, suffered a stroke that left the left side of his body paralyzed. Two years later, he had Son Sen and members of Sen’s family executed because he believed that Sen had attempted to negotiate with the Cambodian government. The deaths of Son Sen and his family shocked many of the remaining Khmer leadership. Feeling that Pol Pot’s paranoia was out of control and worried about their own lives, Khmer Rouge leaders arrested Pol Pot and put him on trial for the murder of Sen and other Khmer Rouge members. Pol Pot was sentenced to house arrest for the remainder of his life. He was not punished more severely because he had been so prominent in Khmer Rouge affairs. Some of the remaining members of the party, however, questioned this lenient treatment. Death On April 15, 1998, Pol Pot heard a broadcast on Voice of America (of which he was a faithful listener) announce that the Khmer Rouge had agreed to turn him over to an international tribunal. He died that same night. Rumors persist that he either committed suicide or was murdered. His body was cremated without an autopsy to establish the cause of death. Legacy Pol Pot is remembered for his long, oppressive reign and for his attempt to exterminate all religious and ethnic minorities in Cambodia. The Cambodian genocide- responsible for the deaths of at least 1.5 million people- resulted in several Khmer Rouge leaders being convicted of crimes against humanity. Sources Bergin, Sean.  The Khmer Rouge and the Cambodian Genocide. Rosen Pub. Group, 2009.Short, Philip.  Pol Pot: Anatomy of a Nightmare. Henry Holt, 2005.

Suffragette in the 1910's Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Suffragette in the 1910's - Research Paper Example New leaders of the movement such as Lucy Stone, Lucretia Mott, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton came from antislavery movement. Relations between the two movements were cordial at different political, personal and ideological levels but a turn came when Wendell Phillips set aside the issue of women suffrage to work for enfranchisement for newly independent blacks: â€Å"I hope in time to be as bold as Stuart Mill and add to that last clause ‘sex’!! But this hour belongs to the Negro.† From there on the movement split into two camps: the â€Å"moderates,† headed by Lucy Stone followed the Republican strategy while the radicals were led by Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, focusing the movement nearer to the New York Journal, The Revolution. Christine Stansell, â€Å"Feminism and Suffrage: The Emergence of an Independent Women's Movement in America by Ellen Carol DuBois,† Feminist Studies, 1980, 70-71. Introduction The history of women suffrage movement in the U nited States begins from 1848 when a call for the right to vote was made at the Seneca Falls Woman’s Right Convention. Initially, the movement vouched for equal rights in all areas of public interest such as civil, political, economic, and personal related to property, guardianship of their own children, equal salaries and reach to top-tier professional jobs besides freedom to right over family planning. The demand for the right to vote was not on the top of their agenda and there was no unanimity over demanding suffrage among the leading women functionaries of the movement. The new line of suffragists gaining national stature were the â€Å"New Women,† like Carrie Chapman Catt, Nettie Rogers Shuler, Harriet Taylor Upton, Anna Howard Shaw who saw no logic in running two parallel bodies and assimilated the associations into The National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA). This was a lackluster phase of the movement, as it was passing through â€Å"the doldrums ,† period from 1896 to 1910. Presidency of Anna Howard Shah in 1904 could not revive the movement. After she stepped down, Carrie Chapman Catt was appointed the president of NAWSA. Her â€Å"winning plan,† made it sure that in stead of running state-level campaigns attention should be given on federal amendments to effectively get the right to vote for the American women. 2 ________________________________ 2. Elna C. Green, â€Å"Southern Strategies: Southern Women and the Woman Suffrage Question,† (The University of North Carolina Press), p. 2-4. There was no doubt over Catt’s capability of organization; she could handle NAWSA resources and staff in two states effectively. Finally, the nineteenth amendment was made on June 1919 by the Congress and was sent to the states for ratification. From 1910s onwards, the second wave on suffragette started on a forceful note bringing the movement out of â€Å"the doldrums,† recruiting women in large numbers w ith every southern state having a permanent suffrage organization by 1913. 3 Fanny Wright led the movement by supporting the cause of abolition of slavery, free secular education, birth control, and softer conditions on getting a divorce by women through her books such as Course of Popular Lectures (1829) and writing in the Free Enquirer. In 1840, the suffrage movement got another push when Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott were not granted permission to speak in the World Anti-Slavery Convention, as Stanton remarked on it: "We resolved to hold a convention as soon as we returned home, and form a society to advocate the rights of women." The American Equal Rights Association came into existence in 1866 but no decision could be made in Kansas on Negro suffrage and women suffrage. Later, in 1869 the National Women Suffrage